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Vol. 5 No. 1 (2026)

Copyright (c) 2026 وداد حماد مخلف الفهداوي (Author)

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

The Academic Geopolitics of the Bologna Process in Iraq: From Educational Reform to a Tool of European Influence

https://doi.org/10.61312/ehv5q547
Wedad hammad

Corresponding Author(s) : Wedad hammad

[email protected]

Journal of Al-Mubadara, Vol. 5 No. 1 (2026)

Abstract

In modern academic literature, the concept of global governance (Global Governance Theory) has been fundamentally redefined, especially since the mid-2010s. This shift is primarily due to structural transformations in the nature of international relations and the increasing influence of non-governmental actors and supranational institutions in shaping educational, economic, and cultural policies in developing countries. The state is no longer the sole actor in the international system; rather, a multi-level network of actors has emerged. This includes international organizations such as the World Bank and UNESCO, regional organizations like the European Union, and non-governmental entities such as global academic institutions and accreditation and quality assurance networks. Similarly, Multi-Level Governance Theory, first developed in the late 1990s, has since been updated and expanded through a number of studies focusing on policy integration between states and within transnational institutions, particularly in the context of the European Union. Policy-making is no longer confined exclusively within the boundaries of the nation-state but has become distributed across multiple levels of governance, including the local, national, and regional levels—and in cases like the European Union, the supranational level.

Keywords

Pathway, Bologna, Higher Education, International Politics, Iraq
The Academic Geopolitics of the Bologna Process in Iraq: From Educational Reform to a Tool of European Influence. (2026). Journal of Al-Mubadara, 5(1), 29. https://doi.org/10.61312/ehv5q547
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    The Academic Geopolitics of the Bologna Process in Iraq: From Educational Reform to a Tool of European Influence. (2026). Journal of Al-Mubadara, 5(1), 29. https://doi.org/10.61312/ehv5q547